Influence of Monsoon Dynamics and Oceanographic Conditions on Coccolithophores

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Nilufar Yasmin Liza and Md. Habibur Rahman

Coccolithophores, a special group of calcifying phytoplankton in the Indian Ocean, their distribution and productivity are strongly mediated by monsoonal dynamics, and they are a key player in the oceanic biogeochemical cycles. Our study explores the multifaceted dynamics between monsoon-driven environmental variability and coccolithophores, examining the influences of upwelling, nutrient accessibility and stratification. Normally, the Southwest (SW) monsoon is characterized by strong winds and substantial upwelling of nutrients and promotes coccolithophore blooms. In contrast, the population density is often lower with reduced upwelling of the northeast (NE) monsoon. This driving force is also noted in the analysis as different responses across regions of the Indian Ocean highlight the local environmental conditions. In addition, it highlights the importance of detailed long-term monitoring and innovative methods, including remote sensing and in situ measurements. As the monsoon pattern continues to change as a result of climate change, the research on coccolithophores in the Indian Ocean is becoming increasingly important in projecting future changes in marine ecosystems and environmental carbon. This review offers a comprehensive overview of the present state of knowledge, highlights major research gaps and proposes directions for future research to gain an understanding of the resilience and adaptability of coccolithophores in a changing environment.

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